I
was just twenty-one years old in August 1968 when I arrived at Chicago
to attend the Democratic National Convention. I had participated in the
delegate selection process in Colorado used back then to select
delegates to attend the county, state, and national convention. I had
been actively involved in politics since age 17 when I formed the
Jefferson County Teen Democrats and later became a college director for
the Colorado Young Dems.
I
believe it was late March 1968 when I drove from Ft Collins, Colorado
to attend a speech in Denver being given by Senator Robert F. Kennedy
who was running for President. Kennedy spoke at the old downtown arena
which has since been torn down. After the speech I got to go to a
special area where I got to meet him personally. He was so thin. His
hair was very gray and his gray suit was crumpled. I still remember him
as being distracted or not with the moment. He seemed aloof or not
wanting to be where he was.
A couple of weeks later
Kennedy had to cut short his campaigning to announce the assassination
of Martin Luther King, Jr. to the crowd that had assembled to hear
Kennedy speak in Indianapolis. A month later Kennedy was assassinated.
The country had gone mad, or so it seemed. King's death prompted riots
across America. Kennedy's death was like the straw that broke the
camel's back. How much more violence could we as a people endure?
I
think it was late June or early July when I received a phone call
inviting me to meet Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey in his hotel suite
at the Denver Hilton. I supported Eugene McCarthy, but I couldn't pass
up the invite. Humphrey on that day was the opposite of Kennedy. He was
very much in the moment. He was campaigning for every vote he could get
at the convention which was weeks away. He was gregarious and at least
acted like he really cared that each person in that hotel room mattered
to him. I left still supporting McCarthy.
Eugene McCarthy attended the Colorado State Convention which was held in early summer at the Moby
Gym at Colorado State University. Robert Kennedy's Colorado supporters
were divided as to who they would vote for at the convention. Some had
moved to support McCarthy while others planned to go to Chicago to
support Kennedy even though he was dead. The party loyalists supported
Vice President Humphrey believing only he could actually get elected.
They saw McCarthy as a spoiler and a losing candidate in a contest
against Richard Nixon. Everyone in attendance that Saturday afternoon,
however, gave Eugene McCarthy a rousing welcome. It was after all Eugene
McCarthy's near win in the 1968 New Hampshire Democratic Primary over
sitting President Lyndon Johnson that had first spurred Kennedy to seek
the nomination and then I think led to Johnson's decision not to run for
a second term. Period. McCarthy had given hope to so many people
during the very dark days of "nineteen hundred and sixty-eight".
I
arrived at the Convention on Friday afternoon in the sweltering heat
and humidity for which Chicago is famous. A buddy and I had reserved
rooms at the downtown YMCA. Oh My God, what a nightmare. The single bed
room had no air conditioning. Instead of a window, this interior room
opened into an air shaft. I had to share a bath with a group of very
strange men. I was scared out of my mind. What was a little nerdy
suburban boy like me doing in a place like this? I told the "adults" I
was with about my plight, and I got invited to share a room with a
couple of Colorado delegates who were staying at the Executive House. I
got to see them in their skivvies - not much better than the oldies at
the YMCA but at least I didn't fear getting raped.
On
Sunday before the Convention began the Colorado delegation attended a
brunch at the lakefront home of Lt. Governor Mark Hogan's family. (I
later worked as an intern in his office.) Afterward a small group was
invited to meet with Senator George McGovern at his suite at the LaSalle
Hotel. He was a very gentle man. Unlike Kennedy months before,
McGovern was engaging, not aloof. But he had not a chance in hell of
getting the nomination let alone getting elected.
At
the end of the afternoon I got to meet Senator Eugene McCarthy. He had
just spoken to a group of Jewish voters. We attended the speech and
managed to go backstage where met him in person. I already admitted to
being a nerd. Now I must admit I was a total idiot for believing for a
moment McCarthy could have got the nomination. Things like that don't
happen in real life. But in that moment I thought I had shook the hand
of the man that would become the next President.
The
Convention began on Monday night. I had an alternate badge which meant I
was not allowed to sit with the Colorado delegation unless a delegate
left the floor. That lasted about fifteen minutes. Have you ever seen a
Democrat sit down and shut up? They moved about and caucused and caused
commotion. That's what Democrats do. So I had plenty of opportunities
to go on the main floor where I sat with the Colorado delegation for a
few minutes. Then I got up and roamed around like the rest of the folks.
Later I made my way to the hallways behind the television broadcast
booths that overlooked the floor below. Then I found the McCarthy
convention headquarters. Posters of McCarthy covered the walls. Back
then there were no computers or portable phones. Some people had walkie-talkies but most communication was done in person or via messenger.
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(Photo by Lee Balterman/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images) |
I was a political science major in college. The sight
of all of the Senators, political figures, and newsmen was for me like
being at the Oscars. In fact I did have an Oscar moment. Paul Newman
was standing in a huge hallway by himself smoking a cigarette - trying
to be alone. I walked right past him, doing my best impression of not
noticing somebody really famous.
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Mayor Daley - Defiant |
The two major items on the Wednesday agenda was the vote on the party platform, but primarily the Viet
Name plank, and the Presidential nominations. The Colorado delegation
drove to the conventional hall in our two buses just like we did on
Monday and Tuesday. The peace initiative plank sought to establish a
cessation of offensive actions by the U.S. and to establish a withdrawal
date of American troops. The Party regulars voted that proposition
down. They did not want to embarrass the President with any unneeded or
unwanted advice. Even after that defeat of the peace plank, I still
believed that McCarthy had a chance in getting the nomination. Paul
O'Neil later wrote in LIFE magazine "President Lyndon Johnson used last
week's convention to preserve his hard policy on Vietnam. Chicago's
Mayor Richard J. Daley used it to demonstrate his personal sovereignty
and iron control over his city."
As I recall the
scenario that followed the Convention Chairman cited Chicago city rules
which forbade any kind of placard or banner to support a candidate whose
name had been put into nomination. The McCarthy people took the Chair
at its word and no demonstration was planned. Guess what, Mayor Daley
changed the rules and allowed the Humphrey delegates onto the floor with
placards galore. Humphrey signs were everywhere.
I
went up to the McCarthy headquarters and told the people what had
happened on the floor. I asked if I could remove all the McCarthy
posters from the walls and take them to the floor to be distributed when
McCarthy's name was placed in nomination. Of course I could. And I did.
Those posters were the extent of McCarthy's demonstration save the
people waving and shouting and carrying around of the state standards.
Throughout
the day and into the night tensions were mounting between the 10,000 or
so yippees assembled in Grant Park. The police charged the protesters.
What transpired was photographed and documented for all to see.
Television crews weren't quite as agile then as they are now, but they
got plenty of footage of cops beating people. The people being beaten
responded by calling the cops "Pigs" and yelling "Seig Heil!".
That enraged the cops who let their aggression explode. Later, the
Walker Commission would term the conduct of the Chicago Police
Department a "Police Riot".
Word started to spread throughout the convention floor about what was happening in the streets of Chicago. Senator Abraham Ribicoff
used his nomination speech of George McGovern as a vehicle to tell the
convention floor (and those watching the proceedings at home) about the
violence in the streets. He said "with George McGovern we wouldn't have
Gestapo tactics in the streets of Chicago". The drama grew more intense
after Colorado Chairman Bob Maytag (
that Maytag, the washing
machine Maytag) got control of an open microphone and said "Is there a
law by which Mayor Daley can be compelled to suspend the police state
terror...." His microphone was cut off. The voting followed. Humphrey
was selected as the nominee. That was not the end of the events for
Wednesday, August 28, 1968, however.
After the
convention adjourned for the night, the Colorado delegation went back to
our buses. We got inside and everybody was talking about Maytag's
remarks, the defeat of the peace plank, how Humphrey just lost the
election, and so on. Then we all started to notice that all of the other
buses had left the parking lot. A young lawyer named Steve Heady got
off the bus to ask what the delay was. A cop ordered him to get back
inside the bus and shut up and announced nobody would be leaving the
parking lot until he decided it was time to go. So we sat there for
maybe an hour. Some women were crying. A lot of the men were very angry.
Every other bus had left the area. Finally, our bus drivers were
allowed to leave. We drove back to the our hotel. But my night was not
over.
I have no sense of time as to when we got back to
the Executive House. My buddy Don S. and a few other people decided to
walk down to the Hilton Hotel where the McCarthy headquarters was
located. I was not prepared for what was to come next. When we got
near the hotel we could smell the awful odor of tear gas. Not just a
lingering whiff. No, this was a massive presence, the kind of stench you
may have experienced if you ever drove past stockyards in the hot humid
summer. A stench so bad you think the person next to you just vomited
all over the place. No matter where I went, the odor was there. The
closer we got our eyes started to react as well.
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Injured inside the Hilton Hotel |
When
I got to the hotel I went everywhere looking for another friend who
decided to work at the McCarthy headquarters rather than attend the
convention. I went up to the McCarthy floor looking for her. Everywhere
I went I saw people in blood stained bandages. I saw boys and girls my
age and younger and older all bloodied. It seemed everybody was
bloodied and most were bandaged. The hotel lobby looked like a scene
from a World War II movie full of wounded warriors just back from the
battle. Except this was America. And this was not World War II.
In 1968 I got to watch
on TV as Martin Luther King, Jr. and Bobby Kennedy were assassinated. I
got to attend the Democratic National Convention which turned into
debacle as the TV networks showed the Chicago Police Department wage a
police riot against American citizens. For seventeen minutes viewers at
home got to watch the
police take out their aggression on American citizens as the people
being beaten shouted "The Whole World is Watching". I got so fed up
with the Democratic Party and its convention that I left Chicago the
next day and went back home by myself.